SS-31

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that binds selectively to cardiolipin within the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing its structure and enhancing the efficiency of electron transport and ATP production. Research shows that SS-31 reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, prevents oxidative damage, and improves mitochondrial dynamics, resulting in enhanced cellular energy output and greater resilience under metabolic or oxidative stress. It has demonstrated protective effects in cardiac and skeletal muscle by preserving mitochondrial integrity, reducing apoptosis, and improving functional performance in ischemic or age-related decline models. Additionally, SS-31 improves microvascular function, supports healthier endothelial signaling, and enhances overall tissue oxygenation. Through its direct action on mitochondrial structure and function, SS-31 promotes improved energy metabolism, reduced inflammation, and broad cytoprotective effects across multiple organ systems.